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today we're going to talk about

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nutrition and the role it plays to keep

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astronauts healthy on the international

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space station hi i'm nasa astronaut

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good nutrition is a part of good health

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whether you're on earth or off

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today's show will focus on nutrition

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research aboard the international space

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station

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that's one small bite for man one giant

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leaf for mankind astronauts scott kelly

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chell lundgren and kimya yui of japan

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recently sampled the fruits of their

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labor after growing and harvesting a

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crop of outregis red romaine lettuce

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from the veggie plant growth facility

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this was the first crop of vegetables

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grown in space specifically for the

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purpose of providing fresh vegetables

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for the astronauts later this month the

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crew will harvest zinnia flowers a

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precursor for the next crop we're going

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you know living in space changes our

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bodies in a number of ways we lose bone

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mineral density our muscles atrophy our

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cardiovascular system gets weaker and we

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experience immune system dysfunction

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one of the ways of understanding the

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changes in our bodies during long

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duration space flight is to study our

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nutritional status at specific time

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points during our mission

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samples that we collect while we're in

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space provide scientists with

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information on bone metabolism oxidative

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damage body chemistry and hormonal

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changes

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these insights give scientists a more

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complete picture about what's happening

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in our bodies

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that increased understanding of the role

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of nutrition and adaptation to space

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flight has a broader application on

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earth one example is understanding the

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relationship of nutrition to bone loss

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this is potentially valuable for people

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suffering from osteoporosis right here

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on earth

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the bones in our bodies are alive

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growing and changing all the time

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our bones are composed of different

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layers the outer surface of bone is

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called cortical bone this is the smooth

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hard part of the bone that we can see

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when we look at a skeleton inside the

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cortical bone is the trabecular bone

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this type of bone looks like a sponge

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and helps to protect the bone marrow

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the constant process of bones growing

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and changing is known as bone remodeling

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this process is carried out by specific

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cells in our bones cells called

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osteoclasts have the role of breaking

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down our bone and removing any parts

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that need replacing

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at the same time cells called

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osteoblasts have the job of making new

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bone and helping to repair any parts of

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the bone that have been damaged

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on earth and healthy individuals this

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process is normally balanced so that the

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same amount of bone is made and broken

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in space astronauts are exposed to lower

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levels of gravity than on earth this

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means that they have less mechanical

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stress put on their bones as they move

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around

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scientists believe that the bones

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naturally try to adapt to this new

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environment by increasing the rate that

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the bone is broken down by the

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osteoclasts meanwhile bone formation

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continues to occur at the same rate as

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it does on earth

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the result is an imbalance in bone

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remodeling which leads to an overall

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decrease in bone mineral density

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while in space astronauts can manage

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with lower bone density but when they

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return their bones are less able to cope

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with earth's gravity this increases the

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risk of fracture and injury scientists

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use many different tests to measure the

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density of the astronauts bones results

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show that the astronauts while in space

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lose bone in a similar pattern to people

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on earth who suffer from osteoporosis

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but the astronauts lose it at a much

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scientists have found that exercise when

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combined with good nutrition and

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increased vitamin d intake is able to

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preserve some of the bone that was

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previously being lost

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since 2008 astronauts have been able to

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use a new exercise machine called the

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advanced resistive exercise device or a

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red it is thought that this increase in

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force triggers the formation of new bone

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bringing more balance to the bone

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remodeling process and allowing the bone

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density to stay at roughly the same

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level as it was before the space flight

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it is a significant achievement to be

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able to maintain bone density in space

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but more experiments need to be carried

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out to see whether the new bone which is

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formed in space has the same structure

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and strength as new bone which is formed

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on earth understanding bone loss

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associated with microgravity may lead to

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better preventive care or therapeutic

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treatments for people on earth suffering

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bone loss as a result of bone diseases

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like ostopinia and osteoporosis or for

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one of the things that i think one of

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the things i love about the field of

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nutrition one of things that really drew

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me into the field of nutrition as a

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graduate student was the fact that

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nutrition really is a cross-cutting

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science and

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the fact that we get to look at

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all the systems and nutrition in and of

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itself so doing bone studies and muscle

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studies and

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studies

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really helps to to branch out and to

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work with other groups and see

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the integration within the human being

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and not just focused on a specific

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enzyme with a specific tissue in a

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petri additional lab somewhere in a

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basement one of the great things about

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nutrition research on space station is

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that

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it allows us to study

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very healthy individuals

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in a very strange environment in a very

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unique environment that the body is

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trying to adapt to

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and what that does that allows us to

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understand how the body responds to

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these changes

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and in many ways that reflects disease

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patterns or altered physiology if you

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will on earth so bone is a great example

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where when an astronaut is put into

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space flight the body starts to break

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down bone because the body realizes it

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doesn't need the same skeleton in

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weightlessness as it did on earth

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and by looking at that adaptation and

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how to counteract that adaptation

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that tells us about how the body

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responds to

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to these different changes so we see

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roughly

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the same change in bone in about six

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months on a space station mission as you

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would see in a much longer period four

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or five years so it's almost like time

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lapse photography where we can see

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a much faster glimpse of what's going on

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we can study countermeasures much more

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quickly

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and again the implications of those

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studies for people studying those same

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phenomena on earth

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really helps to leap frog some of the

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technology ahead

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hi my name is scott smith i'm the lead

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for the nutritional biochemistry lab at

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the johnson space center

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and we're studying nutrition off the

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in space and on earth our bodies require

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proper nutrition

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defining the nutrient requirements for

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space flight and ensuring provision and

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intake of those nutrients are primary

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issues for astronaut health and mission

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success after all you are what you eat

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one challenge is providing appetizing

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food for astronauts that doesn't require

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refrigeration and has a long shelf life

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while the food is generally much better

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than you might imagine and we have come

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a long way since the early days of space

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flight we do have limited access to

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fresh foods

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in our next segment we'll go inside

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nasa's space food systems laboratory as

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seen in the national geographic space

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eating in space is its own kind of fun

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but keeping astronauts fit and healthy

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michelle clinch is responsible for what

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they eat

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we're making spaghetti with meat sauce

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space meals begin just like ours do with

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a trip to the supermarket thank you but

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spaghetti and meat sauce is just one of

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the 250 things on the space station menu

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each portion is meticulously calibrated

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we have a database where we maintain the

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nutritional content of all our products

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calories fat protein carbohydrate things

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like that

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but the most important calculation is

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what things weigh

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that's because it cost ten thousand

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dollars for every pound blasted off to

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the astronauts

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so nasa adopted a reduction technique

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freeze drying removes a high percentage

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of the moisture so typically when we

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freeze dry our products we take them

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each portion now weighs just one ounce

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1300 miles away and the orbital cygnus

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resupply module is being loaded with the

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and it's time for a few last minute food

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luxuries

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these are the tortillas they're very

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popular on orbit after a daily routine

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of freeze-dried meals a fresh piece of

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fruit is a welcome relief well worth its

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weight in gold

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as you can see we're only sending three

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apples so you may think that's unfair

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because we have six people on orbit they

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may have to share

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this very precious cargo is one of the

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last things to be loaded onto the rocket

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less than a kilometer away from us now

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two days later cygnus docks with the

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we're getting ready to birth the

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cygnus one vehicle all right looks

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really

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good perfect nice bonus food

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including some surprise treats from

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look at that tortillas

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look at that

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wow oh my goodness gracious

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the greatest hot dog relish in the

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history of man

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oh my gosh my wife didn't tell me about

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hello and welcome to node 1.

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in the boxes you see here we keep our

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food on the international space station

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and specifically the food that we are

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currently eating and in our logistics

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module leonardo where i was just now we

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keep our supplies we keep them in soft

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containers like this one which we call

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bobs

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and this one is a very special bob for

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me because it contains my bonus food the

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food that i chose myself based on my

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preference and my taste

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this one for example is one of my

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absolute favorites it's quinoa salad

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with mackerel macaroni is a great source

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of healthy proteins but also of healthy

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fats

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needs to stay healthy and in good shape

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on board we have different kinds of fish

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which are great sources of healthy fat

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for example thanks to our russian

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colleagues we have sturgeon

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in my bonus food i also took

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sources of healthy fats that i can eat

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for a snack i love avocado for example

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so i took it in form of guacamole that i

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can spread on my bread

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or i also love

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dry fruit so i have almonds and nuts

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and i didn't forget to take

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olive oil

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and i can tell you our rehydrated

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veggies not only taste a lot better with

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olive oil but they're also a lot

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healthier

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so i hope you will

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put the right rocket fuel into your body

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starting with the right types of fat

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and remember eating healthy is not

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you know

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i don't know the reason behind it but

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your taste buds change when you get to

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space so the things that you like on

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earth

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and you you just can't get enough of

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you've got enough of when you got to

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space

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so there's something about

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your taste buds don't know what it is

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however

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aromas you don't get enough of it

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partly because of the way things are

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packaged and coffee for instance has

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this

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oh the smell that you've

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that you you kind of consume while

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you're eating the food but it's in a

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it's in a

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package that has a straw you can't smell

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anything so

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it still didn't stop me from drinking it

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but you just couldn't smell it and same

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with all the other foods they come in a

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little package and so you don't really

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smell it very well and that

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you'd miss that when you come back to

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earth you find out just how important

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smell is when you're eating it

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so

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how does the space station smell

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you know this is a good question because

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in general the space station smells like

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nothing it's clean except if you're in

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node three

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and you're working out on the a red

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machine and all of a sudden you smell

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something that you think is coming from

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the whc but it's actually which is our

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space potty

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but it's actually

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our russian

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colleagues back in this in the service

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module open up a can of

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beef

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and it gets into the air circulation

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system and it makes its first stop in

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node three and so at first you're like

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oh what is that oh wait it's lunchtime

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and then it's a much better smell into

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your brain you know meal time in space

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is

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can be a lot of fun it's especially

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dinner time at the end of this long day

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where six people

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six little pink bodies in space working

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all day long and we're rarely together

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working unless it's something

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very unique we're all off doing our own

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thing and to come together at the end of

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the day when you know that you've signed

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off with mission control

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and you're

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in that evening period of time that you

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can sit around a table with your

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crewmates and share food and when you're

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an international crew

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and you have food from your russian your

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russian crewmates your japanese

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00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:46,880
roommates well that's what we are

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00:19:50,070 --> 00:19:48,720
crewmates when you have everybody coming

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together at the table to share their

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00:19:56,150 --> 00:19:51,919
food that's one of the best parts about

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00:19:59,750 --> 00:19:57,590
so i just finished eating and i have to

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enter in

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what i ate because the ground folks like

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to keep track of it

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calories

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how much salt we're getting how much

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protein things like that they track us

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closely on everything when we lift

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weights we have to keep track of how

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00:20:20,549 --> 00:20:18,960
much weight we lift how many reps we do

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when we run on the treadmill and

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computers are recording our heart rate

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00:20:25,909 --> 00:20:24,320
when we turn on lights when we turn on

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the toilets

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i learned on my first mission there are

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no secrets in space

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and we got video cameras and just about

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00:20:34,390 --> 00:20:33,600
all the modules

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00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:34,400
so

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00:20:36,789 --> 00:20:35,520
it's basically like being in a big

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fishbowl the ground knows everything

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00:20:40,390 --> 00:20:38,480
about us up here

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00:20:42,470 --> 00:20:40,400
which is not that big a deal but it's

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something to keep in mind

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00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:02,149
we also just get my safety cutter on the

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other side of my idea back here

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00:21:11,830 --> 00:21:07,840
can't be terry

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absolutely yeah

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00:21:18,070 --> 00:21:14,880
it's just like in the pool instead of

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that with the exception of that big down

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00:21:21,679 --> 00:21:30,149
exactly

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00:21:33,830 --> 00:21:32,149
as the international space station flies

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257

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00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:36,880
statute miles over the coast of chile

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00:21:44,789 --> 00:21:39,120
terry virts and the initial moments of

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00:21:49,110 --> 00:21:46,789
welcome back and thanks for watching

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00:21:51,830 --> 00:21:49,120
this episode of station life as you can

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00:21:53,669 --> 00:21:51,840
see space station nutrition research is

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00:21:55,830 --> 00:21:53,679
vital towards improving the quality of

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00:21:58,390 --> 00:21:55,840
human health and well-being

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00:22:00,789 --> 00:21:58,400
in space and here on earth

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00:22:03,510 --> 00:22:00,799
nasa is constantly searching for ways to

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00:22:05,110 --> 00:22:03,520
benefit humanity as together we take the

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00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:05,120
next steps towards exploring our

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00:22:09,270 --> 00:22:07,280
universe searching for the answers that

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00:22:11,430 --> 00:22:09,280
matter to us the most

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00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:11,440
thank you for joining us on station life

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00:22:14,549 --> 00:22:12,960
and our behind the scenes look at

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00:22:16,549 --> 00:22:14,559
nutrition research aboard the

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00:22:18,630 --> 00:22:16,559
international space station

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00:22:20,549 --> 00:22:18,640
be sure to stay in touch and follow us

419
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:20,559
on facebook and twitter for the latest

420
00:22:25,669 --> 00:22:22,640
research news and don't forget to

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00:22:26,950 --> 00:22:25,679
download our fabulous app on your mobile

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00:22:29,750 --> 00:22:26,960
device

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00:22:33,430 --> 00:22:29,760
until next time stay with us off the